Challenges to the Acceptance of Probabilistic Risk Analysis

This paper discusses a number of the key challenges to the acceptance and application of probabilistic risk analysis (PRA). Those challenges include: (a) the extensive reliance on subjective judgment in PRA, requiring the development of guidance for the use of PRA in risk-informed regulation, and possibly the development of robust or reference prior distributions to minimize the reliance on judgment; and (b) the treatment of human performance in PRA, including not only human error per se but also management and organizational factors more broadly. All of these areas are seen as presenting interesting research challenges at the interface between engineering and other disciplines.     

社会法调控创新论(上)--以"非典"防治对传统公私法调控机制所带来的挑战和机遇为视角

"非典"及其防治引发了对传统公私法调控机制的挑战,同时,更提出了相应法律调控机制创新的理论和实践要求.立足于"非典"防治具体制度措施及其对传统公、私法调控机制所带来的挑战和机遇,结合(西方)现代社会结构变迁的基本特点及其与新的法律调控机制间的互动关系,将"非典"防治及其相关制度建设,嵌入中国社会自1970年代末开启的市场化取向改革与民主法制化进程,进行了细致的分析.在充分理解和认识问题复杂性的基础上,对"非典"防治及其引发的对传统公私法调控机制的挑战,以及新兴社会法调控机制创新的可能对策选择及其基本方向进行思考.并最终论证了这样一个命题即中国社会的转型背景和"共时性"发展特征,决定了目前主流公、私法调控机制具有两面性和矛盾契合性;而且这一特性及其全面准确的把握,将深刻地影响和决定中国未来社会法调控机制的实际效果.     

WTO与我国保险竞争规制

在我国加入WTO后,切实履行与保险有关的入世协议,积极应对入世后世界保险市场竞争的挑战,需要按照市场化理念和国际理念,遵循透明度原则和国民待遇原则,不断完善我国保险竞争规则,克服现行保险市场竞争规制模式存在的缺陷。对于保险市场不正当竞争行为的规制,要"标本"兼治。特别是对我国保险业垄断经营的问题,不能照搬他国经验,而应结合我国保险体制市场化改革的实际,逐步加以解决。     

Ethics Creep: Governing Social Science Research in the Name of Ethics

This article presents an analysis of the Canadian ethics review process by a member of a Research Ethics Board. The author suggests that the new formal system for regulating the ethical conduct of scholarly research is experiencing a form of ethics creep. This is characterized by a dual process whereby the regulatory system is expanding outward to incorporate a host of new activities and institutions, while at the same time intensifying the regulation of activities deemed to fall within its ambit. These tendencies are demonstrated through an analysis of: 1) the scope of research ethics protocols, 2) the concept of harm employed by these boards, 3) the use of informed consent provisions, and 4) the presumption that research participants will remain anonymous. To accentuate the nature of this ethics creep, comparisons are made between the ways in which identical knowledge generation activities are governed within journalism and the academy. The conclusion suggests that one effect of the increasingly formalized research ethics structure is to rupture the relationship between following the rules and acting ethically. Some of the reasons for this creep are highlighted along with the risks that it poses for scholarship.     

柔而趋刚 刚柔相济——从言语奢化禁则看语用法制化趋势

语言制度有"约定"的正式语言制度与"俗成"的非正式语言制度之分,作为正式的语言制度,近年我国颁布的相关法规对言语奢化的语用异化行为提出了一系列具体禁则.这些禁则反映出语言制度创新"柔而趋刚"的语用法制化趋势,也体现出语用法制化"刚柔相济"的特征语用法规既具有人文亲和的柔性,又具有执法必严,违法必究的刚性张力.     

集中国家财力强化财政职能--学习和领会江泽民同志的理财思想

集中国家财力,科学界定财政职能,正确实施财政政策,以及切实遵循财政原则,是江泽民同志理财思想的核心.在学习和领会这些重要思想的过程中,区分"国家财政"与"公共财政"的内涵,理解财政的平衡观,以及把握财政的资源配置、收入分配、调控经济和监督管理这四大职能等,均具有重要意义.     

公众参与下政府与游戏企业发展策略的演化博弈分析

游戏企业选择设置防沉迷机制行为策略是应对青少年沉迷网络游戏等不良社会影响的有效举措，公众的监督和政府部门的监管是构建良好社会风气的重要保障。本文针对我国越来越多青少年沉迷虚拟网络游戏而影响社会风气的问题，考虑政府监管与公众的监督，构建政府、公众、游戏企业的三方演化博弈模型，并建立复制动态方程，得到不同情形下政府、公众和游戏企业的演化稳定策略；并通过数值分析的方法，分析监管成功率对政府与游戏企业防沉迷机制选择的影响。研究表明，监管成功率对游戏企业策略选择起着重要影响。不同情形下，政府可以根据所掌握的相关信息对游戏企业采取不同策略进行有效监管。从短期角度来看，无论政府采取何种策略，公众与游戏企业会考虑自身利益而选择"不监督"和"不设置防沉迷机制"；从长期角度来看，在没有政府监管情况下，公众与游戏企业依然会主动选择"监督"和"设置防沉迷机制"。     

The Legal Regulation of Irrational Elements in the Operations of Boards of Directors

The operating processes of boards of directors are delicate and complex, so corporate legislation cannot simply equate board structure law with board governance law. It is therefore necessary to start from China’s actual conditions and grasp the operating processes of Chinese boards with a sober appreciation of the irrational elements in their operating mechanisms. Board governance has entered a new stage of institutionalization, and the law should shift from its emphasis on structure to give equal attention to structure and process in optimizing institutional structure. In the construction of board operating mechanisms, we should treat differently such “living laws” as customs, experiences and traditions, give full play to the functionality of boards’ strategic choices, and provide legal regulation of irrational elements, so as to distinguish between different roles, develop consensus, select strong points and improve efficiency. We should build control over board operational procedures, improve the system of functional allocation, correct assessment mechanisms, develop a mechanism for judicial scrutiny of the affective relationships in society and curb such behavioral tendencies as relational identity, structural bias and group polarization, with a view to controlling such “living laws” within the framework of the basic values and principles of board governance.     

我国电信业的制度变迁与管理模式选择

:我国电信业政府管制的制度变迁经历了五个阶段 ,从 80年代前的严格管制发展到邮电分营、电信重组。但要彻底完成从计划管理到市场引导的转变 ,还必须加快电信立法、实行政企分开、网业分离 ,采取先内后外的开放战略     

加强和创新社会管理的法治建设研究

法治是加强和创新社会管理的制度基础。加强和创新社会管理的核心依靠是法治。在“依法治国”的总体框架下，进一步加强和创新社会管理，应积极构建更加有利于促进社会管理创新的法治机制。重点是坚持依法完善惠及全民的社会保障体系，健全社会自治的法律制度，保障城乡基层群众自治活力不断增强，构建有利于夯实加强和创新社会管理的法治基础;健全综治信访和维稳的法治机制，构建矛盾纠纷大调解体系，完善社会治安防控体系，构建多部门合作的工作机制;强化公共安全和应急管理责任，推进网络虚拟社会管理的法治化，确保社会安定有序和谐;强化宗教事务管理的法治机制建设，坚持完善公共安全和应急处突机制，健全食品药品、安全生产监管法治机制，保障公共安全预警防控体系高效运行;促进社会公平正义，确保加强和创新社会管理的各项工作实现依法推进。